Improvements for a non-rotating wind energy generator

ABSTRACT

Aspects of the invention relate to a control system for a non-rotating wind energy generator. The control system can comprise a sensor that senses at least one of: an amplitude of oscillation of a bluff body of the non-rotating wind energy generator, a power output of a linear alternator system of the non-rotating wind energy generator, a voltage output of the linear alternator system of the non-rotating wind energy generator, and a current output of the linear alternator system of the non-rotating wind energy generator. Additionally, the control system can comprise a damper that applies a damping force to the bluff body based in part on at least one of the amplitude, the voltage output, the current output, and the power output.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/863,571, filed on Aug. 8, 2013 entitled “Electrical Power Monitor and Control System for a Non-Rotating Wind Energy Generator,” the content of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. Additionally, the present application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/863,602, filed on Aug. 8, 2013 entitled “Flat Spring Bluff Body Oscillator for Wind Energy Harvesting,” the content of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. Additionally, the present application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/863,900, filed on Aug. 8, 2013 entitled “Novel Magnet And Coil Inductor Configurations For A Non-Rotating Wind Energy Generator,” which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. Additionally, the present application claims the benefit of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/054,820, filed on Oct. 15, 2013 entitled “Non-Rotating Wind Energy Generator,” which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

FIELD

This invention relates to generating electrical power from airflow.

BACKGROUND

The ever-increasing demand for sustainable, environmentally-friendly power generation from wind is currently met with devices such as the wind turbine. Although wind turbines are the most commonly used method of generating electrical power from wind, they have several inherent drawbacks. These devices are costly, difficult to construct, install, and maintain, highly visible, noisy, large, susceptible to damage, and relatively difficult to transport and assemble. Their tall stature makes them susceptible to damage from flying debris, birds, and even low flying planes. The U.S. Military has also voiced concerns claiming the placement of wind turbines in a radar system's line of sight may adversely impact the unit's ability to detect threats. Rotating wind turbines are also not suitable for military applications that require quiet, inconspicuous power generation in remote locations. Additionally, when facing high wind speeds, a mechanical brake must be applied, creating losses and inefficiencies. Therefore, there is a need for portable, non-rotating devices that can generate useful amounts of electrical power in a quiet, inconspicuous manner and for improvements thereto.

A system created by Vortex Hydro Energy uses the principle of vortex-induced vibration in water to harness wave energy. The company has developed a device called the Vortex Induced Vibration Aquatic Clean Energy (VIVACE). This product uses vortex-induced vibration as a primary means of creating mechanical motion from fluid flow. The system is designed to operate underwater in ocean currents. This system uses an electrically variable spring constant system that dynamically changes the natural frequency to allow for optimization at different flow speeds. This system is unsatisfactory for wind power generation due to the large difference between the fluid flow properties of air. The frequency of vortex shedding in air is much faster that the shedding frequency in water. Therefore, matching the system's natural frequency with the shedding frequency would result in an extremely large spring constant. A spring this size would require a great deal of force to move. The lift characteristics of this application do not provide enough lift to overcome this spring constant, and no vibrations will occur.

Additionally, wind speeds can vary, so there is a need for a system that can function at a variety of wind speeds, as well as while wind speeds are varying.

Therefore, a need exists for portable, non-rotating devices that can generate useful amounts of electrical power from wind in a quiet, inconspicuous manner and for improvements thereto, such as a control system for such devices.

SUMMARY

Aspects of the invention relate to a control system for a non-rotating wind energy generator. In one or more embodiments, the control system comprises a sensor that senses at least one of: an amplitude of oscillation of a bluff body of the non-rotating wind energy generator, a power output of a linear alternator system of the non-rotating wind energy generator, a voltage output of the linear alternator system of the non-rotating wind energy generator, and a current output of the linear alternator system of the non-rotating wind energy generator. In one or more embodiments, the control system comprises a damper that applies a damping force to the bluff body based in part on at least one of the amplitude, the voltage output, the current output, and the power output.

In one or more of the preceding embodiments, the damper increases the damping force based at least in part on a first sensor input. In one or more of the preceding embodiments, the damper decreases the damping force based at least in part on a second sensor input. In one or more of the preceding embodiments, the damper increases the damping force when the amplitude is above a first threshold and the damper decreases the damping force when the amplitude is below a second threshold. In one or more of the preceding embodiments, the damper applies a maximum damping force when the amplitude is above a maximum threshold until the amplitude is below a minimum threshold. In one or more of the preceding embodiments, the damper waits a predetermined time before changing the damping force. In one or more of the preceding embodiments, applying the damping force comprises applying a load to the linear alternator system. In one or more of the preceding embodiments, the system comprises a controller that receives an input from the sensor and sends a control instruction to the damper, wherein the damping force is based in part on the control instruction. In one or more of the preceding embodiments, the system comprises a battery charge controller that controls charging of a battery, wherein the sensor determines a charge level of the battery. In one or more of the preceding embodiments, the damper comprises at least one of a variable resistor and a transistor that applies a variable resistance to the linear alternator system of the non-rotating wind energy generator to control the damping force. In one or more of the preceding embodiments, the damper comprises a transistor and a variable resistor that each apply a variable resistance to the linear alternator system of the non-rotating wind energy generator to control the damping force. In one or more of the preceding embodiments, the damper controls the damping force based in part on a pulse-width modulation signal. In one or more of the preceding embodiments, the sensor comprises at least one optical sensor. In one or more of the preceding embodiments, the sensor comprises: a first at least one sensor that determines whether the amplitude is above a first threshold; and a second at least one sensor that determines whether the amplitude is above a second threshold.

Aspects of the invention relate to a method of controlling a non-rotating wind energy generator, the method comprising. In one or more embodiments, the method comprises determining at least one of: an amplitude of oscillation of a bluff body of the non-rotating wind energy generator, a power output of a linear alternator system of the non-rotating wind energy generator, a voltage output of the linear alternator system of the non-rotating wind energy generator, and a current output of the linear alternator system of the non-rotating wind energy generator; and applying a damping force to the bluff body based in part on at least one of the amplitude, the voltage output, the current output, and the power output.

In one or more of the preceding embodiments, the method comprises increasing the damping force based at least in part on a first sensor measurement. In one or more of the preceding embodiments, the method comprises decreasing the damping force based at least in part on a second sensor measurement. In one or more of the preceding embodiments, the method comprises at least one of: increasing a damping force when an amplitude of oscillation of a bluff body of the non-rotating wind energy generator is above a first threshold; and decreasing a damping force when the amplitude is below a second threshold. In one or more of the preceding embodiments, the method comprises waiting a predetermined time before changing the damping force. In one or more of the preceding embodiments, the method comprises charging a battery using the non-rotating wind energy generator; controlling a charging rate of the battery; and determining a charge level of the battery. In one or more of the preceding embodiments, the method comprises controlling the damping force based in part on varying a resistance of a variable resistor. In one or more of the preceding embodiments, the method comprises controlling the damping force based in part on a pulse-width modulation signal.

Aspects of the invention relate to a non-rotating wind energy generating apparatus, comprising: a flat spring bluff body assembly operable to initiate and sustain oscillatory motion in response to wind energy, wherein the flat spring bluff body assembly comprises one or more pairs of parallel flat springs; and a linear alternator system operable to generate electrical energy via the motion of the suspended bluff body.

In one or more of the preceding embodiments, the flat spring bluff body assembly comprises: a frame movably supporting at least one beam; the one or more flat springs attach the beam to the frame; the linear alternator system comprises: at least one electromagnetic coil attached to one of the beam or the frame; at least one magnet attached to one of the frame or the beam; and the beam when exposed to wind causes the at least one electromagnetic coil to pass the at least one magnet. In one or more of the preceding embodiments, the apparatus comprises one or more additional beams; one or more additional flat springs; wherein the one or more additional flat springs attach the one or more additional beams to the frame.

Aspects of the invention relate to a non-rotating wind energy generating apparatus, comprising: a suspended bluff body operable to initiate and sustain oscillatory motion in response to wind energy, wherein the suspended bluff body has at least one of the following cross-sectional profiles: an ellipse with a depth to height ratio between 8/16 and 14/16; a rectangle with a depth to height ratio greater than 0 and less than 1; a multiple D-shape with a first beam oriented in an opposing direction to a second beam, wherein the depth to height ratio of each beam is between 1/4 and 3/4; a multiple D-shape with a first beam oriented in a same direction as a second beam, wherein the depth to height ratio of each beam is between 1/4 and 3/4; a biconvex shape with a depth to height ratio between 8/16 and 14/16; a diamond shape with a depth to height ratio between 4/10 and 7/10; and a rounded rectangle with a depth to height ratio greater than 1/2 and less than 1; and a linear alternator system operable to generate electrical energy via the motion of the suspended bluff body.

In one or more of the preceding embodiments, the suspended bluff body comprises a frame movably supporting at least one beam; one or more first springs; one or more second springs; wherein the one or more first springs attach a first portion of the frame to a first portion of the beam and the one or more second springs attach a second portion of the frame to a second portion of the beam such that the beam is suspended between the first and second portions of the frame; and linear alternator system comprises: at least one electromagnetic coil attached to one of the beam or a third portion of the frame; at least one magnet attached to one of the third portion of the frame or the beam; wherein motion of the beam when exposed to wind causes the first electromagnetic coil to pass at least one magnet. In one or more of the preceding embodiments, the first, second, and/or third portions of the frame can be the same portions of the frame. In one or more of the preceding embodiments, the apparatus comprises a voltage multiplier circuit that generates a DC voltage from an AC voltage output by the linear alternator system, wherein the DC voltage is higher than the AC voltage.

These and other aspects and embodiments of the disclosure are illustrated and described below.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The foregoing and other objects, features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following description of embodiments of the invention, as illustrated in the accompanying drawings.

FIG. 1 shows perspective views of a non-rotating wind energy generator according to an embodiment of the invention.

FIGS. 2A and 2B show a control system for a non-rotating wind energy generator according to one or more embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 3 shows optical sensors according to one or more embodiments of the invention.

FIGS. 4A through 4E show a flow chart for a non-rotating wind energy generator control method according to an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 5 shows pseudocode for a charge controller according to an embodiment of the invention.

FIGS. 6A through 6D show an embodiment of a non-rotating wind energy generator with one or more flat springs according to one or more embodiments of the invention.

FIGS. 7A and 7B show a non-rotating wind energy generator according to one or more embodiments of the invention.

FIGS. 8A through 8G show beam shape cross sections for according to one or more embodiments of the invention.

FIGS. 9A, 9B, and 9C show internally illuminated beams, externally illuminated beams, and wind powered LED illumination, respectively, according to one or more embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 10 shows a non-rotating wind energy generator with one horizontal member according to one or more embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 11 shows a frame mounted protective screen according to one or more embodiments of the invention.

FIGS. 12A and 12B show collapsible generator frame designs for a non-rotating wind energy generator according to one or more embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 13 shows frame precipitation shield according to one or more embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 14 shows a multiple system array according to one or more embodiments of the invention.

FIGS. 15A and 15B show beam bumper motion dampers according to one or more embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 16 shows a short circuit electromagnetic coil damper according to one or more embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 17 shows an extension spring array according to one or more embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 18 shows springs mounted close to a central horizontal axis of a beam according to one or more embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 19 shows an extension spring configuration according to one or more embodiments of the invention.

FIGS. 20A and 20B show multiple magnet mounting configurations according to one or more embodiments of the invention.

FIGS. 21A through 21G show axially aligned magnet and coil configurations according to one or more embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 22 shows a hybrid wind and solar generator system according to one or more embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 23 is a perspective illustration of a beam according to one or more embodiments.

FIG. 24 is a perspective illustration of a beam according to one or more embodiments.

FIG. 25 provides a perspective view of a non-rotating wind energy generator according to an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 26 provides a perspective view of a non-rotating wind energy generator according to an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 27 provides a view of a non-rotating wind energy generator according to an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 28 provides a view of a non-rotating wind energy generator according to an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 29 provides a view of a non-rotating wind energy generator according to an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 30 provides a view of a non-rotating wind energy generator according to an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 31 provides a view of a non-rotating wind energy generator according to an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 32 provides a perspective view of a non-rotating wind energy generator according to an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 33 shows magnets according to an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 34 shows magnets and a coil according to an embodiment of the invention.

FIGS. 35A, 35B, and 35C show magnets and coils according to an embodiment of the invention.

FIGS. 36A and 36B provide perspective views of a non-rotating wind energy generator according to an embodiment of the invention.

FIGS. 37A and 37B provide perspective views of a non-rotating wind energy generator according to an embodiment of the invention.

FIGS. 38A and 38B provide perspective views of a non-rotating wind energy generator according to an embodiment of the invention.

FIGS. 39A and 39B provide perspective views of a non-rotating wind energy generator according to an embodiment of the invention.

FIGS. 40A, 40B, and 40C show electricity transmission according to an embodiment of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Aspects of this invention relate to improvements to a non-rotating wind energy generator. In one aspect, a device is provided to generate electricity from non-rotational motion caused by wind flow. Wind is typically characterized as unsteady flow; therefore the device is capable of operation in unsteady flow characteristics. Aspects and embodiments of non-rotating wind energy generators are described in further detail in related application Ser. No. 14/054,820, filed Oct. 15, 2013 entitled “Non-Rotating Wind Energy Generator,” the content of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

Non-Rotating Wind Energy Generator

Non-rotating wind energy generation is provided by first establishing non-rotating motion from wind flow, and then using that motion to generate electricity. In one aspect, a device does not use rotational motion similar to wind turbines currently on the market, but instead, the device uses self-excited oscillation caused, for example, by the fluid flow principle of vortex shedding, transverse galloping, or some combination thereof, to generate oscillatory, linear motion of a beam.

In one or more embodiments, the beam design is selected to provide self-excited vibrations when exposed to wind. Self-excited vibration is a phenomenon in which the motion of a system causes it to oscillate at its natural frequency with continually growing amplitude. In one or more embodiments of the invention, vortex shedding will initiate self-excited vibration of a beam. In one or more embodiments, a beam will continue to oscillate at the system's natural frequency when exposed to a wind flow. In one or more embodiments, the system controls the amplitude of oscillation using springs. In further more embodiments, the system utilizes stops to limit the amplitude of oscillation.

In one aspect, a beam is slidably mounted in a frame to provide oscillatory motion of the beam due to vortex shedding, transverse galloping, or a combination thereof, that is substantially perpendicular to the wind direction, or which has a component that is substantially perpendicular. The beam can be equipped with at least a pair of springs positioned above and below the beam to provide restorative force to the beam subjected to vortex shedding, transverse galloping, or a combination thereof. This provides oscillatory motion of the beam while in wind contact. The springs can be secured to the frame using conventional methods such as latches, hooks, welds, bonds and the like. Due to the high stress experienced by the spring or other joining device, the securing method desirably provides high material strength and low fatigue over its life under cyclic loading. To maintain a constant spring rate, coil diameter and/or number of coils can be increased as wire diameter increases. Linear alternators can be located near both ends of the beam; however, they can also be located anywhere in any number. They generate electrical power when the beam is in motion. A damping system can be provided to further control the amplitude of the oscillations.

A non-rotating wind energy generating device can use the interaction of the beam with wind to induce vortex shedding, transverse galloping, and linear motion, which is then converted to electrical power with electromagnetic inductors, also referred to as linear alternators. In one or more embodiments, the linear alternators incorporate magnets that are concentric with the wire coil. Other embodiments may use multiple pairs of parallel, stationary magnets and electromagnetic coils, such as electromagnetic coils with a circular or square shape, that are fixed to a beam that passes between the magnets during operation. The use of a parallel magnet/coil configuration has been experimentally proven to be superior to a concentric magnet/coil configuration in at least one embodiment. This configuration permits a larger clearance between the magnets and coils. This helps prevent damping caused by rubbing during beam motion. The use of parallel stationary magnets increases the strength of the magnetic field in the linear inductors, also referred to as linear alternators. Magnetic field strength is a contributing factor of electrical power generation in magnetic inductors using electromagnetic induction. Other embodiments may involve individual magnets and coils configured such that one pole surface of the magnet passes in close proximity to the flat surface of the coil during motion of either component respective to the other. The configuration of the components results in the coil being exposed to a changing magnetic field during oscillatory motion of the beam.

Some of the potential applications for a non-rotating wind energy generating device include: powering electronic devices using energy harvested from airflow in HVAC ducts; supplying primary or supplemental power to wireless sensors; generation of usable electrical energy from naturally occurring airflow (e.g. window draft) in and out of residential or commercial buildings due to wind or changes/differences in temperature or pressure; directly powering LED lighting, radios, other electronic devices; ability to recharge batteries used in electronic devices; directly powering LCD or LED based signage.

FIG. 1 depicts an embodiment of a non-rotating wind energy generator. In this embodiment, there are magnets 101, inductor assemblies, also referred to as linear alternator assemblies, 102, a beam 103, springs 104, a frame 105, guiderails 106, and adjustable L-brackets 108. In this embodiment, the beam 103 and the frame 105 each have four connection points consisting of J-hooks 107. The frame height is adjusted by moving the top member up or down to pre-drilled hole locations. The frame is constructed of wood, metal, plastic or any other material that provides sufficient support for the beam during oscillation. For example, the frame should not distort or bend under operational forces. In this embodiment, four springs 104 attach the beam 103 to the frame 105 via the J-hooks 107. In this embodiment, there is clearance space between the beam 103 and the adjustable L-brackets 108 and between the beam 103 and the wind guards 106. Wind guards reduce the lateral pressure of the wind against the beam in the motion guides and keep the beam oscillating in the correct direction while reducing the amount of friction.

In an embodiment, wind energy is used to induce self-excited oscillations of the suspended beam 103. The fluid flow phenomena of vortex shedding, transverse galloping, or a combination thereof, are harnessed to initiate and sustain oscillatory motion of one or more beams 103. This reciprocating motion is used to generate electricity via electromagnetic induction using the linear alternator assemblies 102 comprising coils and magnets 101. In some embodiments, magnets are stationary and electromagnetic coils, such as wire coils, move relative to the magnets. In further embodiments, electromagnetic coils, such as wire coils, are stationary and magnets move relative to the electromagnetic coils. In still further embodiments, both magnets and electromagnetic coils, such as wire coils, may move.

When vortex shedding and transverse galloping occur in the system, such as when the vortex shedding frequency matches the natural frequency of the system, extremely large amplitude of motion will be achieved. In some embodiments, the spring system controls and maintains oscillatory behavior. The springs may have the same spring tension in order to keep the beam suspended. In some embodiments, the number, size, and stiffness of the springs may be varied. Oscillatory movement may not be solely caused by vortex shedding. A phenomenon called transverse galloping, which can result in self-excited oscillations, may also be responsible for continuous motion. In some embodiments, after vortex shedding induces a small displacement input, the motion of the system itself due to transverse galloping causes it to oscillate at its natural frequency while in a wind flow. In some embodiments, springs 404 range in constants from 0.01 lbs/in up to 3 lbs/in, and more particularly from 0.1 lbs/in up to 3 lbs/in.

In some embodiments, a second beam (or more) may be mounted in parallel to the first beam for a two degree (or more) of freedom system.

In an embodiment, the beam is hollow on the inside and has a D-shape, and inductor assemblies are attached to each end of the beam. In an embodiment, the D-shaped beam has a length of 24 inches (exclusive of the inductor assemblies), a diameter of 2 inches, wall thickness of ⅛ inch, and a weight of 0.5 pounds. In an embodiment, an equivalent spring stiffness of 0.5 lbs/in may be used with a 0.5 lb beam.

In other embodiments, other beam shapes may be used. For example, the beam may be a square, a rectangle, a cylinder, a reversed D-Beam (where the wind is primarily incident on the flat portion of the beam rather than the round portion), and an equilateral wedge in either a “greater than” or “less than” orientation relative to the incident wind. Additionally, in some embodiments, the surface of the beam may be smooth, and in further embodiments, the surface may be rough, uniformly or at selected locations. In some embodiments, the beam may be fitted with weights for optimal mass to adjust the frequency and amplitude.

One or more beams can be used in a non-rotating wind energy device. In some embodiments, the plurality of beams can include a rigid spacer between beams and the multi-beam system can be secured to the frame by springs attached to the upper and lower beams. In other embodiments, the plurality of beams can be joined by springs to one another and to the frame.

Linear electromagnetic induction is provided for generating usable amounts of electrical power. Faraday's Law states that voltage is equal to the rate of change of magnetic flux. Faraday's Law and magnetic flux are shown in the equations below. A permanent magnet forms the magnetic field and the energy is captured via a loop of wire moving through that field.

$ɛ = \frac{{\phi}\; B}{t}$ ϕ_(B) = BA cos (θ)

ε is the induced voltage, φ_(B) is the magnetic flux, B is the magnetic field strength, A is the cross sectional area of the loop, and θ is the angle that the magnetic field makes with a vector normal to the area of the loop.

Electrical Power Monitor and Control System

In one or more embodiments of a non-rotating wind energy generator, wind can cause beam oscillations to grow to and potentially exceed a maximum amplitude allowed by the springs. In other cases, wind may result in smaller oscillations than desired, which can lead to inefficient energy generation. Further, in many cases, wind speeds may vary, potentially causing both large and small oscillations. To address these and other problems, one or more embodiments comprise a control system to modulate the amplitude of oscillation for a non-rotating wind energy generator.

FIG. 2A shows a block diagram of a control system 200 for a non-rotating wind energy generator according to one or more embodiments of the invention. As shown in FIG. 2A, the control system can include an input 201, a sensor 202, a damper 203, and a controller 204. The sensor 202 can be operatively connected to the controller 204. The input 201 can be operatively connected to the controller 204 and to the damper 203. The damper can be operatively connected to the input 201 and to the controller 204. In one or more embodiments, some or all of these blocks may be included. In one or more embodiments, other connections between the blocks are possible. For example, sensor 202 can be operatively connected to the input 201. Additionally, in one or more embodiments, other blocks such as a battery and a rectifier can be included.

FIG. 2B shows a block diagram of a control system 200 for a non-rotating wind energy generator according to one or more embodiments of the invention. FIG. 2B additionally shows a potential circuit implementation of various blocks in control system 200 according to one or more embodiments of the invention. As shown in FIG. 2B, the control system 200 can include an input 201, a sensor 202, a damper 203, and a controller 204. The control system 200 can additionally include an AC to DC voltage rectifier and filter 205, a voltage sensor 206, and a pulse width modulation (PWM) to voltage converter 207. In one or more embodiments, some or all of these blocks may be included. In one or more embodiments, other connections between the blocks are possible. Additionally, in one or more embodiments, other blocks such as a battery and a rectifier can be included. In one or more embodiments of the invention, some or all of the blocks may be implemented with other circuit configurations. In one or more embodiments, software, hardware, or a combination of both can be used to implement control system 200.

In one or more embodiments of the invention, sensor 202 senses at least one of an amplitude of oscillation of a bluff body of the non-rotating wind energy generator, a power output of a linear alternator system of the non-rotating wind energy generator, a voltage output of the linear alternator system of the non-rotating wind energy generator, and a current output of the linear alternator system of the non-rotating wind energy generator. In one or more embodiments of the invention, damper 203 applies a damping force to the bluff body based in part on at least one of the amplitude, the voltage, the current, and the power determined by the sensor.

FIG. 3 shows optical sensors according to one or more embodiments of the invention. In one or more embodiments, sensor 202 can include one or more first optical sensors 301 that determine whether the amplitude of a beam 305 of a non-rotating wind energy generator is above a first threshold; one or more a second optical sensors 302 that determine whether the amplitude is above a second threshold; one or more third optical sensors 303 that determine whether the amplitude is above a third threshold; and one or more fourth optical sensors that determine whether the amplitude is above a fourth threshold. The sensor 200 can also include one or more sensors 300 that determine whether the amplitude is at or near zero. Sensors at other positions to detect other beam locations are also contemplated. As the beam 305 oscillates, the sensors can detect the beam 305 to determine the amplitude of oscillation of the beam 305. For example, if optical sensor 301 detects the beam 305, then it can determine that the oscillation of the beam 305 exceeds a first threshold. If optical sensor 302 detects the beam 305, then it can determine that the beam 305 exceeds a second threshold. If optical sensor 303 detects the beam 305, then it can determine that the oscillation exceeds a third threshold, and if optical sensor 304 detects the beam 305, then it can determine that the oscillation of the beam 305 exceeds the fourth threshold. The configuration shown in FIG. 3 is exemplary. In one or more embodiments, other numbers and configurations of sensors can be used to determine parameters such as the amplitude of oscillation, the position of the beam, the speed of the beam, among others. Further, in one or more embodiments of the invention, other types of sensors such as magnetic sensors and motion sensors can be used.

Returning to FIGS. 2A and 2B, in one or more embodiments, sensor 202 can include a current sensor, a voltage sensor, and a power sensor that measure the current, voltage, and power of the non-rotating wind energy generator based on a current that the control system receives from the non-rotating wind energy generator at input 201. In one or more embodiments, a current sensor, a voltage sensor, and a power sensor can be separate from sensor 202. For example, as shown in FIG. 2B, in one or more embodiments, control system 200 can include voltage sensor 206 that measures a voltage of the non-rotating wind energy generator across a load of damper 203.

In one or more embodiments of the invention, damper 203 can increase the damping force when the amplitude is between a first threshold and a second threshold and can decreases the damping force when the amplitude is between a third threshold and a fourth threshold. Additionally, in one or more embodiments of the invention, damper 203 can apply a maximum damping force when the amplitude is above a fourth threshold. Additionally, the damper can continue to apply the maximum damping until the amplitude is below the first threshold. In one or more embodiments, more or fewer thresholds can be used to control the damping. For example, the damper 203 could use a different number of thresholds and could increase the damping force between certain thresholds and could decrease the damping force between others. In one or more embodiments of the invention, the damper 203 can apply a damping force by applying a load to the linear alternator system of a non-rotating wind energy generator. In one or more embodiments, increasing the load can increase the damping force by drawing current more rapidly from the non-rotating wind energy generator and decreasing the load can reduce the damping force by drawing current more slowly from the non-rotating wind energy generator. In one or more embodiments of the invention, the concepts of eddy currents, Lenz's Law, or a combination of both can be utilized to apply a damping force on the beam. Magnetic flux from magnets located on the beam can create eddy currents in electrically conductive materials (e.g. copper and aluminum). These eddy currents can cause a damping force on the beam, which can cause the beam to slow and reach desired maximum amplitude.

In one or more embodiments of the invention, the damper 203 can comprise at least one of at least one variable resistor and at least one transistor that applies a variable resistance to the linear alternator system of the non-rotating wind energy generator to control the damping force. The resistors and transistors can be arranged serially, in parallel, or in a combination of both to provide a variety of loads to a current path from the non-rotating wind energy generator via input 201. In one or more embodiments, a transistor can be used to provide a fine adjustment to the load and variable resistors can be used to provide course adjustment to the load. In an exemplary embodiment, a transistor providing fine load adjustment can be placed in series with a variable resistor providing course load adjustment. The variable resistor can comprise fixed resistors placed in parallel that can be selectively included in the current path to vary the resistance of the variable resistor. In other embodiments, other combinations are possible. For example, transistors can also be used for course adjustment and variable resistors can also be used for fine adjustment. Damper 203 in FIG. 2B shows an example of a potential embodiment with a transistor Q1 providing fine adjustments to the load in series with a variable resistor comprising parallel resistors R11, R12, and R13 which provide a course adjustment to the load. In one or more embodiments of the invention, decreasing the resistance can increase the load and the damping force and increasing the resistance can decrease the load and the damping force.

In one or more embodiments of the invention, the damper 203 can vary the load based on a pulse width modulated (PWM) signal. For example, the damper 203 can apply a load when the PWM signal is high and apply a minimal load or on load when the PWM signal is low, or vice versa. Additionally, in one or more embodiments, the damper can apply one load when the PWM signal is high and another load when the PWM signal is low. The PWM signal can be based on one or more of an input from the sensor 202, a voltage, current, or power input from input 201, a battery level, and other parameters of the system. In still further embodiments of the invention, the load can be varied with other signals besides PWM signals. For example, variable resistance values could be signaled by an amplitude modulated signal, a phase modulated signal, a frequency modulated signal, and through other types of signals and communication methods.

In one or more embodiments of the invention, damper 203 can wait a predetermined time, e.g., a delay is implemented, before changing the damping force. In one or more embodiments, the damper 203 can also wait a variable amount of time before changing the damping force. Additionally, a waiting time can be used to delay the sensor such that the sensor 202 waits to take additional measurements during the delay. The delay can be specified in any units. For example, it can be specified in seconds or oscillations. In one or more embodiments, a delay can be used, for example, to prevent the system from reacting too quickly to a change in oscillations. By delaying adjustments to the damping, the control system can allow the oscillating beam to reach a new oscillating amplitude before making further adjustments to the damping force. In one or more embodiments, the delay can be in the range of 1-10 oscillation cycles. In one or more embodiments, other delays or no delay can be utilized.

In one or more embodiments of the invention, the control system 200 can include a battery, supercapacitor, and/or other storage device (not shown). The control system 200 can charge the battery, supercapacitor, and/or other storage device using power, voltage, and/or current from a non-rotating wind energy generator. The control system 200 can additionally include a battery, supercapacitor, and/or other storage device charge controller that controls a charging of the battery, supercapacitor, and/or other storage device. Further, in one or more embodiments, sensor 202 can include one or more battery, supercapacitor, and/or other storage device charge level sensors that determine a charge level of the battery. In one or more embodiments, control system 200 can include one or more separate battery charge, supercapacitor, and/or other storage level sensors. In one or more embodiments, a control system can use an input from a battery charge monitor to control or halt beam oscillations to prevent overcharging a battery, supercapacitor, or other storage device. This can protect the storage device from damage associated from overcharging. Halting beam oscillations when the storage device is fully charged or no electricity generation is desired can prevent wear on the mechanical components of the non-rotating wind energy generator.

In one or more embodiments of the invention, the control system 200 can include an AC to DC voltage rectifier and filter (not shown) to convert an AC signal from a non-rotating wind energy generator to a DC signal. Additionally, in one or more embodiments of the invention, the control system 200 can include a sensor to determine a resistance applied by the damper 203, which can be part of sensor 202 or can be a separate sensor (not shown).

In one or more embodiments of the invention, the controller 204 can receive a sensor signal from sensor 202 representing a sensor value such as the amplitude, position, and/or speed of a non-rotating wind energy generator beam. The controller 204 can also receive a voltage, current, and/or power signal from sensor 202 measured for a voltage, current, and/or power from input 201 representing a voltage, current, and/or power value for a non-rotating wind energy generator. The controller 204 can further receive a signal from the damper 203 and/or from another sensor representing the load applied by the damper 203. In one or more embodiments of the invention, the controller 204 can receive other inputs such as a charge measurement for one or more batteries. Additionally, in one or more embodiments, the controller 204 can receive additional sensor inputs from one or more sensors such as voltage sensor 206.

In one or more embodiments of the invention, the controller 204 can output a control signal to control the damper 203, in response to the various input data. The control signal can be a PWM signal, as well as signals such as amplitude, frequency, or phase modulated signals. In one or more embodiments, the control system 200 can include a PWM to voltage converter (not shown). The PWM to voltage converter can convert a PWM signal from the controller 204 to a voltage signal. The voltage signal can be send from the PWM to voltage converter to the damper 203. In one or more embodiments, the control system 200 can include a voltage to load converter. The voltage to load converter can convert a voltage from the PWM to voltage to a load. In one or more embodiments, the voltage to load converter can be part of damper 203 or can be separate (not shown) from damper 203.

FIGS. 4A through 4E show a flow chart for a non-rotating wind energy generator control method according to an embodiment of the invention. In one or more embodiments, other control methods can also be used. In FIG. 4A, at step 401, the method begins at Level_0 with a beam of a non-rotating wind energy generator having little or no oscillations. At step 402 the load variable is set to a predetermined value LOAD_MIN and the duty_cycle variable is set to a predetermined value DUTY_MIN. In this embodiment, the load variable specifies a load applied by a variable resistor and the duty_cycle variable specifies a load provided by a transistor in series with the variable resistor. In other embodiments, these or other variables can be used to specify the desired load. At box 403, the control system checks whether a first sensor has detected that the beam is oscillating above a first threshold. If it is, then the method proceeds to step 404 and if it does not, it remains at step 403. At step 404, the settle_time is set to a predetermined value LEVEL1_SETTLE, the count is reset to 0, the last_voltage is set to the measured voltage value, and the duty_cycle is set to a preset value LEVEL1_STEP. The method then proceeds to step 405.

In FIG. 4B, the method moves from step 405 to step 406, where the control system checks whether a second sensor has detected the beam and determined the beam is oscillating above a second threshold. If it is, the method proceeds to step 407, where the settle_time variable is set to a preset value LEVEL2_SETTLE, the count variable is set to 0, the last_voltage is set to the measured voltage value, and the duty_cycle is set to a preset value LEVEL1_STEP, and the method proceeds to step 408. If the level 2 sensor at step 406 does not detect the beam, the system checks whether the level 1 sensor is still detecting the beam at step 409. If it is not, the system returns to level 0 and step 401. If the level 1 sensor is still detecting the beam, the system increases the count variable by 1 at step 410, and then checks whether the count is greater than or equal to the settle_time at step 411. If it is not, the system returns to step 405. If it is, the system proceeds to step 412, where it checks whether the voltage variable is less than the last_voltage minus a present value LEVEL1_HYST. If it is, the system proceeds to step 413, where it decreases the duty_cycle variable by LEVEL1_STEP, and then proceeds to step 414, where the count is reset to 0 and the last_voltage is updated with the measured voltage value, and then the system returns to step 405. At step 412, if the measured voltage was not less than the last_voltage minus a present value LEVEL1_HYST, then the method proceeds to step 415. At step 415, it checks whether the voltage is greater than last_voltage plus a present value LEVEL1_HYST. If it is not, the method proceeds to step 414, and if it is, the method increases the duty_cycle by LEVEL1_STEP at step 416, and then proceeds to step 414.

FIGS. 4C and 4D show the method steps beginning from level 2 and beginning from level 3, which proceed in a similar manner to the steps described for FIG. 4B, as shown in the figures themselves. Additionally, as shown in the figures, in this embodiment, the method varies the load to try to keep the oscillation between the second and third thresholds.

In FIG. 4E, from step 418, the method proceeds to step 419, where it checks whether any of the sensors other than the level 0 sensor are still detecting the beam. If any are still detecting the beam, the system continues to apply the maximum load to dampen the beam (which was set in step 417 as shown in FIG. 4D). In this manner, if the oscillation exceeds a fourth threshold, the system begins a fail-safe procedure of applying a maximum load until the beam falls below the first threshold, and then the method restarts at step 401.

FIG. 5 shows pseudocode for a charge controller according to an embodiment of the invention. As shown in the figure, the controller checks the battery voltage and applies a multiplier based on the battery voltage. The charge controller also receives sensors inputs corresponding to information about the beam, such as its amplitude of oscillation. Based on the voltage of the battery and the sensor data from the beam, the charge controller can set a pulse value to control the damping force applied by a damper.

Flat Spring Bluff Body Oscillator

FIGS. 6A through 6D show an embodiment of a non-rotating wind energy generator with one or more flat springs according to one or more embodiments of the invention. FIG. 6A shows an embodiment of a non-rotating wind energy generator that comprises one or more flat springs 601 attached to a bluff body 602 oscillating due to vortex shedding, transverse galloping, or a combination of both. The flat springs 601 are also attached to a fixed mounting surface 603. In one or more embodiments, two or more flat springs 601 can be used to allow oscillatory motion of a bluff body, e.g., vertical motion, while maintaining a constant or relatively constant angle of attack between the air flow and the surface of the bluff body 602. For example, in one or more embodiments, by including a pair of parallel flat springs comprising an upper flat spring above a lower flat spring, a constant or relatively constant angle of attack between the air flow and the surface of the bluff body 602 can be maintained. The use of multiple flat springs within a non-rotating wind energy generator system can also permit oscillatory motion of a bluff body, e.g., vertical motion, while preventing unconstrained motion, e.g., lateral motion, when the bluff body is exposed to wind flow. For example, in one or more embodiments, by including one or more flat springs in the same or substantially the same horizontal plane, oscillatory motion of a bluff body, e.g., vertical motion, can be allowed, while preventing unconstrained motion, e.g., lateral motion. Further, in one or more embodiments, flat springs 601 can be used instead of or in addition to the springs 104 of FIG. 1.

Additionally, in one or more embodiments, a non-rotating wind energy generator can include one or more flat springs 601, one or more beams 602, one or more flat spring mounting surfaces 603, one or more electromagnetic coils 604, one or more magnets 605, and one or more frames 606, as shown in FIG. 6B. In one or more embodiments, the frame 606 can include the mounting surface 603, as shown in FIG. 6B. Also, these features can be separate. In one or more embodiments, one or more electromagnetic coils 604 can be mounted to the beam and one or more magnets 605 can be mounted to the frame, as shown in FIG. 6B. Additionally, one or more magnets can be mounted to the frame and one or more coils can be mounted to the beam. Further, a combination of the proceeding magnet/coil configurations can be used. As the beam 602 oscillates, the coils 604 and the magnets 605 can generate electrical power via electromagnetic induction.

Furthermore, FIG. 6B shows an embodiment with upper flat springs 601 a and 601 c and lower flat springs 601 b and 601 d. In one or more embodiments, a pair of flat springs such as upper flat spring 601 a and lower flat spring 601 b can be parallel or substantially parallel in a vertical direction, as illustrated in FIG. 6B. Additionally, a pair of flat springs such as 601 a and 601 c can be parallel or substantially parallel in a horizontal direction, as illustrated in FIG. 6B.

FIG. 6C shows a top-view of an embodiment of a non-rotating wind energy generator as described with respect to FIG. 6B. As shown in FIG. 6C, the coil 604 can be mounted on extended “U-shape” mounting brackets 607. Additionally, the magnets 605 can be arranged in parallel and the coil 604 can pass through one or more sets of parallel magnets 605. FIG. 6D shows a close-up view of a portion of an embodiment of the non-rotating wind energy generator described with respect to FIGS. 6B and 6C.

In one or more embodiments of the invention, the flat springs constrain the motion of the bluff body to an arc path determined in part by the geometry and material properties of each flat spring. These properties include the length, thickness, width, modulus of elasticity, and tensile strength, among others.

In one or more embodiments of the invention, the flat springs can be attached to the bluff body such that, as the bluff body oscillates, the leading surface exposed to wind flow remains mostly perpendicular to a plane parallel to the flat springs when they are in a flat, unflexed position. In one or more embodiments of the invention, the flat springs and bluff body can operate effectively when the longitudinal axis of the beam is parallel, perpendicular, or on an angle relative to the earth's surface with the leading surface of the bluff body largely perpendicular to wind flow.

In one or more embodiments of the invention, the flat springs deform in an ‘S’-shape as they flex during oscillatory bluff body motion. In one or more embodiments of the invention, the oscillatory motion of a bluff body attached to one or more flat springs can sweep an arc around an axis parallel to the longitudinal axis of the beam.

In one or more embodiments of the invention, kinetic energy of oscillating flat springs and a bluff body can be converted to usable electrical energy via methods such as a use of a piezoelectric element, an electromagnetic inductor, and/or an electrostatic element.

Fluid Flow Tracking Pivoting Frame (Yaw Control)

FIGS. 7A and 7B each show a non-rotating wind energy generator according to one or more embodiments of the invention of the invention. In FIG. 7A, the generator frame 704 can incorporate a pivot/turntable/yaw bearing 702 and a fixed support surface 701, which allows the upper portion of the frame 704 to rotate up to 360° on the vertical axis. In the figure, the pivoting base permits the upper portion of the frame 704 (to which the beam 703 is elastically mounted) to rotate until the front face of the beam is perpendicular to the incident flow. This permits maximum flow velocity exposure and will yield greater electrical power generation. The upper portion of the frame 704 can rotate into the wind through passive or active means. Flat vertical plates used as vertical members of the frame may act as fins on which fluid flow will exert a force—causing the desired pivoting motion until the plates are parallel with the flow direction. Additional fins or tail mounted yaw vane can be added to aid passive yaw control in low velocity flow.

In FIG. 7B, the pivot/yaw bearing may be tensioned cables 705 mounted above and below the frame 704. Cables with sufficient freedom to twist can provide the desired yaw motion without the need for low friction bearings and can reduce cost and manufacturing complexity.

Cross Sectional Profiles

In one or more embodiments of the invention, one or more beam shapes can be used. The beams can be hollow/thin-walled, solid/foam, or partially filled (matrix/lattice). The beams can have a symmetrical design which can permit response to flow incident on either side of the beam and/or can have non-symmetrical designs. The following provides non-limiting examples of possible beam shapes in one or more embodiments of the invention.

In one or more embodiments of the invention, a beam can have an ellipse shaped cross-sectional profile. Effective depth (e) to height (d) ratios include (but are not limited to): e/d=0.6875 (11/16). Effective profile dimensions include (but are not limited to): e=1.203″, d=1.75″. FIG. 8A shows an example of this beam shape with exemplary dimensions according to one or more embodiments of the invention.

In one or more embodiments of the invention, a beam can have a rectangular cross-sectional profile. Effective depth (e) to height (d) ratios include (but are not limited to): e/d=0.25. Effective profile dimensions include (but are not limited to): e=0.4075″, d=1.75″. FIG. 8B shows an example of this beam shape with exemplary dimensions according to one or more embodiments of the invention.

In one or more embodiments of the invention, a beam can have a Multiple D-Shape or multi-Semicircular cross-sectional profile. The multiple D-shape beam can comprise two or more rigidly connected semicircular sections. The beams can be oriented in opposing directions, which can provide the benefit of symmetry or in the same direction which can provide greater lift force from flow approaching the flat side of the beam. Effective depth (e) to height (d) ratios of each semicircular section include (but are not limited to): e/d=0.5. Effective profile dimensions of each semicircular section include (but are not limited to): e=0.625″, d=1.25″. FIGS. 8C and 8D show examples of these beam shapes with exemplary dimensions according to one or more embodiments of the invention.

In one or more embodiments of the invention, a beam can have a biconvex cross-sectional profile. Effective depth (e) to height (d) ratios include (but are not limited to): e/d=0.6875 (11/16). Effective profile dimensions include (but are not limited to): e=1.203″, d=1.75″. FIG. 8E shows an example of this beam shape with exemplary dimensions according to one or more embodiments of the invention.

In one or more embodiments of the invention, a beam can have a diamond shaped cross-sectional profile. Effective depth (e) to height (d) ratio include (but are not limited to): e/d=0.577. Effective profile dimensions include (but are not limited to): e=1.5″, d=2.6″. FIG. 8F shows an example of this beam shape with exemplary dimensions according to one or more embodiments of the invention.

In one or more embodiments of the invention, a beam can have a rounded rectangle shaped cross-sectional profile. Effective depth (e) to height (d) ratio include (but are not limited to): e/d=0.75. Effective profile dimensions include (but are not limited to): e=1.5″, d=2.0″, with a 0.5″ flat portion. FIG. 8G shows an example of this beam shape with exemplary dimensions according to one or more embodiments of the invention.

In one or more embodiments of the invention, a beam can have a beam with multiple cross sections. A beam with multiple segments with various cross sectional profiles can allow the system to benefit from the differing oscillatory responses of each. For example, different beam profiles can perform better under different wind conditions (e.g. low wind speed range vs. high wind speed range, laminar vs. turbulent flow). A beam with multiple profile segments can offer an overall improved oscillatory response to variable flow conditions.

Precipitation Repellant Beam Material/Coating Selection

In one or more embodiments of the invention, the surfaces of the beam exposed to the environment are of a material or coating known to repel the adherence of precipitation (e.g. rain, snow, ice) and other forms of debris (e.g. dirt, animal droppings). A low friction and/or hydrophobic material (e.g. Teflon, HIREC) helps prevent the buildup of material on the beam which could interfere with the fluid flow phenomena involved with beam oscillations.

Transparent Beam

In one or more embodiments of the invention, the beam's design and material of construction results in the beam appearing partially or completely transparent. The purpose of this transparency is to allow the system to blend in with its surroundings and make the beam more inconspicuous. It also permits lighting from within the beam to be visible on the outside. Materials conducive to this transparent appearance include acrylic.

Externally or Internally Illuminated Beam

In one or more embodiments of the invention, the beam is fully or partially transparent and is internally illuminated by LED's located within the beam. The LED's can receive electrical power for operation via the extension springs used to support the beam. The metal springs can act as electrical leads and permit the flow of electricity from the stationary frame to the movable beam. FIGS. 9A and 9B show internally and externally illuminated beams, respectively, according to one or more embodiments of the invention.

In one or more embodiments of the invention, LED's affixed to any surface on the stationary frame can shine their light upon the beam.

Wind Powered LED Illumination

In one or more embodiments of the invention, the LED's affixed to any part of the generator may shine in any direction and upon any other surface to provide illumination. This may serve the function of a lantern, signal, signage, or some other purpose. FIG. 9C shows wind powered LED illumination according to one or more embodiments of the invention.

Transparent Frame

In one or more embodiments of the invention, the generator's frame design and material of construction results in the frame appearing largely transparent. This transparency allows the system to blend in with its surroundings and makes the system more inconspicuous. Materials conducive to this transparent appearance include acrylic.

Horizontal Member

In one or more embodiments of the invention, the generator's frame can have a horizontal member, which may be optionally located above or below the movable beam. The springs may be attached to a cantilevered horizontal section. Using one horizontal member (as opposed to two) can permit improved, unimpeded fluid flow towards the beam. It can also reduce manufacturing costs. FIG. 10 shows a non-rotating wind energy generator with one horizontal member according to one or more embodiments of the invention.

Frame Mounted Protective Screen

In one or more embodiments of the invention, a screen can be mounted to the frame that permits fluid flow through the holes in the screen towards the beam within while also providing protection against debris, impact, precipitation, etc. FIG. 11 shows a frame mounted protective screen according to one or more embodiments of the invention.

Collapsible Generator Frame

In one or more embodiments of the invention, a collapsible generator frame design can be used to reduce the overall size or footprint of a non-rotating wind energy generator. A collapsible frame can optionally fold, slide, and/or disassemble to reduce overall size or footprint.

FIG. 12A shows collapsible generator frame designs for a non-rotating wind energy generator according to one or more embodiments of the invention. In one or more embodiments, one or more vertical members 1201 can rotate at one or more pivot points 1202 allowing the frame to expand and collapse, as shown in FIG. 12A. In one or more embodiments, the collapsible generator can include one or more beams 1203, one or more coil holders 1204, one or more horizontal members 1205, one or more magnets 1206, as well as other features described in the specification, such as one or more springs (not shown).

FIG. 12B shows collapsible generator frame designs for a non-rotating wind energy generator according to one or more embodiments of the invention. In one or more embodiments, one or more vertical members 1201 slide in and out of one or more slide holes 1207 in one or more coil holders 1204 allowing the frame to expand and collapse. In one or more embodiments, the collapsible generator can include one or more beams 1203, one or more coil holders 1204, one or more horizontal members 1205, one or more magnets 1206, as well as other features described in the specification, such as one or more springs (not shown).

Frame Precipitation Shield

In one or more embodiments of the invention, the top surface of the frame is curved and sufficiently covers the beam and other system components in order to shield them from precipitation and falling debris. FIG. 13 shows frame precipitation shield according to one or more embodiments of the invention.

Multiple System Array

In one or more embodiments of the invention, multiple generator systems can be stacked vertically or horizontally and held together by brackets, magnetic attraction, or other means to form an array. The flow of electricity from one individual generator system to another or to single outlet can be facilitated by the use of electrical plugs and jacks or electrically conductive magnetic surface contact. A modular system of generators allows for greater overall power output to be achieved.

Beam Bumper Motion Damper

In one or more embodiments of the invention, bumpers can be mounted to the frame to reduce or stop over-amplification of the oscillatory motion of the beam. The location and size of the bumper can be selected to permit the largest amplitude possible before the individual coils of the extension springs suspending the beam are compressed far enough to touch each other. Preventing the springs from reaching their fully unstretched state helps minimize undesired impact stresses on the springs and also eliminates associated impact noise. The use of low-density foam, rubber, compression springs, fabric, rubber bands, or other material or method of impact dampening can be utilized. Such material or method can have satisfactory cyclic fatigue life and be unaffected by environmental conditions. FIG. 15A shows beam bumper motion dampers in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention.

In one or more embodiments of the invention, opposing magnets can be utilized to apply the necessary damping force. One set of magnets can be mounted to a horizontal member of the frame and another can be mounted to the top or bottom face of the beam (across from the stationary set). Sides of the magnets with the same polarity can face each other and apply a repulsive force when the magnet proximity is close. FIG. 15B shows a beam bumper motion dampers in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention.

Short Circuit Electromagnetic Coil Damper

In one or more embodiments of the invention, the concepts of eddy currents, Lenz's Law, or a combination of both can be utilized to apply a damping force on the beam. Magnetic flux from magnets located on the beam can create eddy currents in electrically conductive materials (e.g. copper and aluminum). These eddy currents can cause a damping force on the beam, which can cause the beam to slow and not exceed the desired maximum amplitude. One or more electromagnetic coils can be located at or near the desired maximum amplitude of beam motion. The ends of the coil can be joined together to create a short circuit that can apply a maximum damping force on the beam. Additionally, a segment of copper or aluminum block or sheet metal can be used to induce a damping effect. FIG. 16 shows a short circuit electromagnetic coil damper in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention.

Extension Spring Array

In one or more embodiments of the invention, an array of more than two extension springs can be mounted along the top and bottom of beam. The use of multiple springs has the benefit of reducing the cyclic stresses encountered by each spring, thus improving their overall fatigue life. Multiple springs can also serve to add extra stability to beam motion. Mixing springs of differing stiffness can result in greater variability of overall effective spring stiffness for the system. This can allow better tuning of this variable to meet specific design requirements. FIG. 17 shows an extension spring array according to one or more embodiments of the invention.

Springs Mounted Close to Central Horizontal Axis of Beam

In one or more embodiments of the invention, the mounting locations of the ends of the extension springs are located in close proximity to the central horizontal axis of the beam. Mounting at this location on the beam can allow the beam to oscillate at the highest amplitude within a frame of shortest vertical height for a given spring. Increasing the amplitude of oscillations can result in faster relative velocity of the magnets and coils, and thus higher electrical power generation. FIG. 18 shows springs mounted close to a central horizontal axis of a beam according to one or more embodiments of the invention.

Extension Spring Configuration

In one or more embodiments of the invention, the springs are stretched and mounted to the top and bottom horizontal support members of the frame. The beam can be secured onto the extension springs by attaching to the coils in the middle of the stretched spring directly (as opposed to the hooks located at the ends of most extension springs). The use of this arrangement and mounting method can have the benefit of reducing the unstretched spring length that factors into the overall height of the frame by half [Overall Frame Height=(2×unstretched spring length)+(distance between spring mounting location on beam)+(desired peak to peak beam oscillation amplitude)]. This reduction can allow for a smaller frame height or higher beam amplitude within a given frame size (whichever is desired). Additional benefits of this embodiment can include cost savings due to the use of fewer springs and improvements in lateral motion stability of the beam (in the direction perpendicular to the beam oscillation and perpendicular to the front face of the beam). Mounting to the coils of the spring as opposed to the hooks can improve spring fatigue life due to reduced tensile stress on the wire near the hook locations. FIG. 19 shows an extension spring configuration according to one or more embodiments of the invention.

Beam/Spring Mounting

In one or more embodiments of the invention, extension springs can be secured to the generator's frame and movable beam by a bracket that engages with one or more coil turns of the helical spiral. Eliminating spring hooks can reduce overall system height and increase maximum amplitude of beam oscillation and reduce manufacturing cost and complexity. FIGS. 20A and 20B show beam/spring mounting according to one or more embodiments of the invention.

Protective Spring Coating

In one or more embodiments of the invention, the springs used to elastically mount the movable beam are coated in a layer of plastic, rubber, or other material to protect and minimize the effect of precipitation and debris—thus reducing corrosion and improving lifespan.

Magnet/Coil Configurations

In one or more embodiments of the invention, multiple permanent magnets can be mounted to beams in a location where their magnetic field lines intersect electromagnetic coils in close proximity, as shown, for example, in FIGS. 20A and 20B. The permanent magnets can be arranged in a pattern whereby the polarity of each magnet is opposite of the magnet(s) located above and/or below it (in the same direction as the beam's oscillatory motion). The magnets in close proximity can also have the same relative polarity facing the same direction. The purpose of mounting multiple magnets to the oscillating beam is to cause more rapid changes in magnetic flux through the electromagnetic coils—thus increasing the electrical energy generated by the system.

Axially Aligned Magnet and Coil Configuration

In one or more embodiments of the invention, one or more magnets and electromagnetic coils can be axially aligned such that the magnet passes in and out of a cylindrical opening in the center of the coil as the beam oscillates. One or more permanent magnets can be fixed to the elastically mounted beam while the electromagnetic coils are fixed stationary to some portion of the frame. One or more electromagnetic coils can also be fixed to the elastically mounted beam while one or more permanent magnets are fixed stationary to some portion of the frame. Additionally, one or more coils having a cylindrical opening can be mounted to the beam and one or more magnets can be mounted to the frame such that the magnet passes in and out of a cylindrical opening in the center of the coil as the beam oscillates. The relative motion of the magnets and coils causes a change in magnetic flux through the coils that results in electricity generation. FIGS. 21A through 21G show examples of such axially aligned magnet and coil configurations according to one or more embodiments of the invention.

Multifunction Rectifier and Voltage Multiplier Circuit

In one or more embodiments of the invention, the electrical energy output of the wind generator system can be conditioned by an electrical circuit known as the Cockcroft-Walton (CW) multiplier (also referred to as the Greinacher multiplier, voltage multiplier, or voltage doubler/tripler). This circuit is capable of generating high DC voltage from a low voltage AC input. In the application of non-rotating wind energy generators, this circuit can serve multiple purposes including AC to DC rectification, voltage output multiplication/boosting, suppression of electrical load damping effect that hampers beam oscillations. The overall benefit of the use of this circuit can include boosting low voltage AC output to a higher voltage DC output, high rectification and boosting efficiency, improved beam motion performance in low fluid flow velocities due to decreased damping effects, and decreased circuit cost due to simple, widely available, inexpensive components and construction.

In one or more embodiments of the invention, the input voltage to output voltage can be doubled, tripled, quadrupled, and further multiplied by incorporating additional diode and capacitor components in stages to achieve the desired electrical characteristics.

In one or more embodiments of the invention, the input voltage to the voltage multiplier circuit can be AC generated by one or more magnets passing by one or more electromagnetic coils. Multiple coils can be wired in series. Additionally, the coils can be wired in parallel.

Electricity Storage

In one or more embodiments of the invention, the electrical energy generated and conditioned by the voltage multiplier circuit can be stored in a rechargeable battery. Rechargeable battery types include but are not limited to Nickel-metal hydide (NiMH), Nickel-cadmium (NiCd), and Lithium-ion polymer (LiPo).

In one or more embodiments of the invention, the electrical energy generated and conditioned by the voltage multiplier circuit can be stored in a supercapacitor (also known as an ultracapacitor).

LED Driver Circuit

In one or more embodiments of the invention, the wind generator can be used to provide electricity to one or more LED's to provide illumination, signals, or signage. In the event that the voltage of the energy storage device (e.g. a single 1.2V rechargeable NiMH battery) is insufficient to directly illuminate an LED (which can use between 1.6-4.0V, depending on color and type), a DC-DC boost converter (step-up converter) circuit can be used to boost the output voltage to the required level for LED operation. In light load/low power applications, an integrated circuit LED driver chip or a boost converter circuit known as a blocking oscillator or “Joule Thief” can be used as an LED driver. Such embodiments can also include dark activated switches to detect darkness and activate the LED when light levels are low.

Hybrid Wind and Solar Generator System

In one or more embodiments of the invention, solar panels can be affixed to the non-rotating wind energy generator system to form a hybrid energy harvesting system. This hybrid system permits the harvesting of multiple sources of ambient energy and aids in maintaining some minimum level of electrical energy generation for use by a given application. The wind subsystem can continue to provide energy generation during periods of low light and the solar subsystem can continue to provide energy generation during periods of low wind if those sources of ambient energy are available. The solar panels are optionally affixed to the top, front, back, and side faces of the frame. The panels can be mounted on pivots to allow for adjustability of the angle of the panel relative to the sun for maximum light exposure. The energy from the solar and wind generator subsystems can be collected and stored in a common storage device (e.g. rechargeable battery or supercapacitor) before use or in separate storage devices. FIG. 22 shows a hybrid wind and solar generator system according to one or more embodiments of the invention.

It will be appreciated that while a particular sequence of steps has been shown and described for purposes of explanation, the sequence may be varied in certain respects, or the steps may be combined, while still obtaining the desired configuration. Additionally, modifications to the disclosed embodiment and the invention as claimed are possible and within the scope of this disclosed invention.

Additional Non-Rotating Wind Energy Generator Embodiments

In a further aspect of the invention, a non-rotating wind energy generating apparatus comprises a suspended bluff body operable to initiate and sustain oscillatory motion in response to wind energy, using self-excited oscillation caused by vortex shedding, transverse galloping, or some combination thereof, and an inductor system, also referred to as a linear alternator system, operable to generate electrical energy via the motion of the suspended bluff body.

In a further aspect of the present invention, exposing the non-rotating wind energy generating apparatus of any of the proceeding embodiments to wind generates oscillatory motion in response to wind energy using self-excited oscillation caused by vortex shedding, transverse galloping, or some combination thereof, and generates electrical energy via motion of the non-rotating wind energy generating apparatus using electromagnetic induction.

Aspects of this invention relate to a novel approach to harnessing wind power. In an embodiment of the invention, the device uses the fluid flow principle of vortex shedding and transverse galloping to generate oscillatory, linear motion of a beam. In an embodiment of the invention, linear alternators optionally located near both ends of the beam generate electrical power when the beam is in motion.

In an aspect of the invention, a non-rotating wind energy generating apparatus comprises a suspended bluff body operable to initiate and sustain oscillatory motion in response to wind energy and a linear alternator system operable to generate energy via the motion of the suspended bluff body. In one or more embodiments, the suspended bluff body may comprise a frame movably supporting at least one beam, one or more first springs, one or more second springs, wherein the one or more first springs attach a first portion of the frame to a first portion of the beam and the one or more second springs attach a second portion of the frame to a second portion of the beam such that the beam is suspended between the first and second portions of the frame, and wherein the linear alternator system comprises at least one electromagnetic coil attached to one of the beam or a third portion of the frame, at least one magnet attached to one of the third portion of the frame or the beam, wherein motion of the beam when exposed to wind causes the first inductor to pass the at least one magnet. In any of the proceeding embodiments, the beam may have a D-shape. In any of the proceeding embodiments, the beam may be hollow. Any of the proceeding embodiments may further comprise one or more motion guides. Any of the proceeding embodiments may further comprise one or more additional beams, one or more additional upper springs, one or more additional lower springs, wherein the one or more additional upper springs attach a first portion of the additional beam to a third portion of the beam and the one or more additional lower springs attach a second portion of the additional beam to a fourth portion of the beam such that the one or more additional beams are suspended between the first and second portions of the frame. In any of the proceeding embodiments, the first portion of the frame may be an upper portion, the first portion of the beam may be an upper portion, the second portion of the frame may be a lower portion, and the second portion of the beam may be a lower portion. In any of the proceeding embodiments, the third portion of the frame may be a side portion. In any of the proceeding embodiments, the beam may be suspended substantially horizontally. In any of the proceeding embodiments, the motion of the beam may be substantially vertical. In any of the proceeding embodiments, a surface of the beam may be uniformly smooth. In any of the proceeding embodiments, a surface of the beam may be partially smooth. In any of the proceeding embodiments, a surface of the beam may be uniformly rough. In any of the proceeding embodiments, a surface of the beam may be partially rough. In any of the proceeding embodiments, at least one electromagnetic coil or the at least one magnet may be attached to a first end of the beam. In any of the proceeding embodiments, the spring stiffness may be selected to promote self-oscillatory motion. In any of the proceeding embodiments, the beam may have a cross-sectional geometry selected from the group consisting of a square, a cylinder, a reversed D-Beam (where the wind is primarily incident on the round portion of the beam rather than the flat portion), and an equilateral wedge in either a “greater than” or “less than” orientation relative to the incident wind. In any of the proceeding embodiments, the springs may be stretched in a resting state. In any of the proceeding embodiments, the beam mass may be selected to promote self-oscillatory motion. In a further aspect of the present invention, exposing the non-rotating wind energy generating apparatus of any of the proceeding embodiments to wind generates oscillatory motion in response to wind energy using vortex shedding, transverse galloping, or some combination thereof, and generates electrical energy via motion of the non-rotating wind energy generating apparatus using electromagnetic induction.

Further aspects of the invention relate to non-rotating wind energy generating apparatuses where a central axis of the at least one electromagnetic coil is substantially parallel to a longitudinal axis of the beam. In an embodiment of the invention, the at least one magnet is positioned relative to the at least one electromagnetic coil such that the beam when exposed to wind causes an electromagnetic coil to pass the at least one magnet generating electrical power.

In a further aspect of the invention, a non-rotating wind energy generating apparatus comprises a suspended bluff body operable to initiate and sustain oscillatory motion in response to wind energy and a linear alternator system operable to generate electrical energy via the motion of the suspended bluff body. In a further aspect of the invention, the suspended bluff body comprises a frame movably supporting at least one beam, the linear alternator system comprises at least one electromagnetic coil and at least one magnet, a central axis of the at least one electromagnetic coil is substantially parallel to a longitudinal axis of the beam, and the at least one magnet is positioned relative to the at least one electromagnetic coil such that motion of the beam when exposed to wind causes the first electromagnetic coil to pass the at least one magnet. In one or more embodiments, the at least one electromagnetic coil is attached to one of the beam or a third portion of the frame and the at least one magnet is attached to one of the third portion of the frame or the beam. In any of the proceeding embodiments, at least one electromagnetic coil can be spaced apart from the at least one beam by a mounting bracket. In any of the proceeding embodiments, the mounting bracket can position a central axis of the at least one electromagnetic coil along the same longitudinal axis as the central axis of the at least one beam. In any of the proceeding embodiments, the at least one magnet can be positioned in a space provided between the at least one electromagnetic coil and the beam. In any of the proceeding embodiments, at least one electromagnetic coil can extend beyond a face of the at least one beam. In any of the proceeding embodiments, at least one electromagnetic coil can be attached to the at least one beam and the at least one magnet can be attached to the frame. In any of the proceeding embodiments, at least one electromagnetic coil can be attached to the frame and the at least one magnet can be attached to the at least one beam.

Further aspects of the invention relate to non-rotating wind energy generating apparatuses where a linear alternator system comprises at least one electromagnetic coil attached to one of the beam or the frame and two or more pairs of magnets. In an embodiment of the invention, an electromagnetic coil passes through magnetic fields generated by the pairs of magnets generating electricity.

In a further aspect of the invention, a non-rotating wind energy generating apparatus comprises a suspended bluff body operable to initiate and sustain oscillatory motion in response to wind energy and a linear alternator system operable to generate electrical energy via the motion of the suspended bluff body, and the linear alternator system comprises at least one electromagnetic coil attached to one of the beam or the frame and two or more pairs of magnets. Additionally, in a further aspect of the invention, the two or more pairs of magnets are attached to one of the frame or the beam, and the at least one electromagnetic coil passes through magnetic fields generated by the two or more pairs of magnets. In one or more embodiments of the invention, a first side of a first magnet of a first pair of magnets faces a first side of a second magnet of the first pair of magnets, wherein the first side of the first magnet of the first pair of magnets has a polarity of North or South and the first side of the second magnet of the first pair of magnets has a polarity of North or South, wherein the polarity of the first side of the first magnet of the first pair of magnets differs from the polarity of the first side of the second magnet of the first pair of magnets, and wherein a first side of a first magnet of a second pair of magnets faces a first side of a second magnet of the second pair of magnets, wherein the first side of the first magnet of the second pair of magnets has a polarity of North or South and the first side of the second magnet of the second pair of magnets has a polarity of North or South, wherein the polarity of the first side of the first magnet of the second pair of magnets differs from the polarity of the first side of the second magnet of the second pair of magnets. In any of the proceeding embodiments, the polarity of the first side of the first magnet of the first pair of magnets can differ from the polarity of the first side of the first magnet of the second pair of magnets and the polarity of the first side of the second magnet of the second pair of magnets can differ from the polarity of the first side of the second magnet of the first pair of magnets. In any of the proceeding embodiments, a first side of a first magnet of a third pair of magnets can face a first side of a second magnet of the third pair of magnets, wherein the first side of the first magnet of the third pair of magnets can have a polarity of North or South and the first side of the second magnet of the third pair of magnets can have a polarity of North or South, wherein the polarity of the first side of the first magnet of the third pair of magnets can differ from the polarity of the first side of the second magnet of the third pair of magnets. In any of the proceeding embodiments, the polarity of at least one of the first side of the first magnet of the first pair of magnets, the first side of the first magnet of the second pair of magnets, and the first side of the first magnet of the third pair of magnets can differ from the polarity of at least one of the first side of the first magnet of the first pair of magnets, the first side of the first magnet of the second pair of magnets, and the first side of the first magnet of the third pair of magnets.

Further aspects of the invention relate to non-rotating wind energy generating apparatuses wherein the linear alternator system comprises at least one electromagnetic coil inset into one of a beam or a frame and at least one magnet inset in one of the frame or the beam. In an embodiment of the invention, motion of the beam when exposed to wind causes the at least one electromagnetic coil to pass at least one magnet generating energy.

In a further aspect of the invention, a non-rotating wind energy generating apparatus comprises a suspended bluff body operable to initiate and sustain oscillatory motion in response to wind energy and a linear alternator system operable to generate electrical energy via the motion of the suspended bluff body. In a further aspect of the invention, the suspended bluff body comprises a frame movably supporting at least one beam. Additionally, in a further aspect of the invention, the linear alternator system comprises at least one electromagnetic coil inset into one of the beam or the frame and at least one magnet inset in one of the frame or the beam, and a central axis of the at least one electromagnetic coil is substantially parallel to a longitudinal axis of the beam and motion of the beam when exposed to wind causes the at least one electromagnetic coil to pass at least one magnet. In one or more embodiments of the invention, the at least one electromagnetic coil is inset in the at least one beam and the at least one magnets is inset in the third portion of the frame. In one or more embodiments of the invention, the at least one electromagnetic coil is inset in the third portion of the frame and the at least one magnets is inset in the at least one beam.

Further aspects of the invention relate to a non-rotating wind energy transmission apparatus and method. In an embodiment of the invention, each of the two wire leads from each of the electromagnetic coils connect to a spring for electricity transmission and separate wire leads connect to each of the springs at the location of contact between the springs and the frame to continue the transmission of electricity from the springs to a preferred point of use.

In a further aspect of the invention, a non-rotating wind energy transmission apparatus comprises a suspended bluff body operable to initiate and sustain oscillatory motion in response to wind energy and a linear alternator system operable to generate electrical energy via the motion of the suspended bluff body. In a further aspect of the invention, the suspended bluff body comprises a frame movably supporting at least one beam. Additionally, in a further aspect of the invention, the linear alternator system comprises at least one electromagnetic coil attached to one of the beam the frame and at least one magnet attached to one of the frame or the beam. Also, in a further aspect of the invention, motion of the beam when exposed to wind causes the at least one electromagnetic coil to pass at least one magnet and a first wire lead from the at least one electromagnetic coil is connected to at least one of the one or more first springs and a second wire lead from the at least one electromagnetic coil is connected to the other of the at least one of the one or more second springs. In one or more embodiments of the invention, a third wire lead from at least one of the one or more first springs can be connected to the first portion of the frame and a fourth wire lead from the other of the at least one of the one or more second springs can be connected to the second portion of the frame. In any of the proceeding embodiments, the first and second portions of the frame are configured for transmission of electricity from the first and second springs to one or more points of use.

Further aspects of the invention relate to a method for electricity transmission comprising generating electricity using an apparatus according to any of the embodiments described above and transmitting electricity from one or more wire leads of the one or more springs to the frame.

Embodiments of the invention convert kinetic energy of an oscillating bluff body (e.g., a beam driven by fluid flow phenomena) into electrical energy via electromagnetic inductor.

In embodiments of the invention, coils of wire are located at the ends of an oscillating bluff body (e.g., beam) and the flat face of the wire coils is parallel to the front flat face of the beam. The central axis of the coil can be perpendicular to the central axis of the beam.

FIG. 23 exemplifies a further embodiment of a beam, where the flat face of the coil of wire is parallel to the front flat face of the beam. FIG. 23 shows the beam 1401 according to an embodiment of the invention. In this embodiment the coils of wire 1402 are attached to each end of the beam 1403. The coils of wire 1402 can be located at the ends of the moving beam such that the flat face of the coil of wire 1402 is parallel to the front flat face of the beam 1403. The central axis of the coil can be perpendicular to the central axis of the beam. FIG. 35C depicts a similar embodiment to FIG. 23 and provides a view of the coils of wire 2602.

In embodiments of the invention, coils of wire attached to an oscillating bluff body can pass through a single pair of magnets that have poles (North, South) that face each other.

FIG. 25 shows a non-rotating wind energy generator according to an embodiment of the present invention where the beam of FIG. 23 is used. In this embodiment, there are magnets 1601, coil of wire 1602, a beam 1603, springs 1604, and a frame 1605. In this embodiment, the beam 1603 and the frame 1605 each have four connection points 1607. Coil of wire 1602 located at the ends of the moving beam 1603 pass through a single pair of parallel magnets 1601 on each end of the system frame 1605.

In embodiments of the invention, multiple pairs of magnets can be positioned in specific arrangements. Such embodiments can have improved kinetic energy to electrical energy conversion. For example, multiple pairs of magnets can be positioned above and below other pairs of magnets such that as the bluff body (e.g., a beam) carrying the coils travels up and down, the coils pass through several magnetic fields generated by the parallel magnets. In an embodiment of the invention, the relative polarity of each stacked magnet pair is reversed (North, South, North, South, etc.). In at least one embodiment of the invention, the change in magnetic flux direction that the coil of wire experiences as the bluff body (e.g., beam) oscillates has a significant improvement in electrical energy conversion/generator power output. A gap of any distance between adjacent pairs of magnets may or may not be present.

FIG. 26 shows a non-rotating wind energy generator according to an embodiment of the present invention in which there are multiple pairs of magnets that are stacked on top of each other and in which the polarities can be switched. In this embodiment, there are magnets 1701, coils of wire 1702, a beam 1703, springs 1704, and a frame 1705. In this embodiment, the beam 1703 and the frame 1605 each have four connection points 1707. In this embodiment, there are multiple pairs of magnets 1701, comprising first magnets 1701 a and second magnets 1701 b, that are stacked on top of each other. As the beam 1703 carrying the coils of wire 1702 travels up and down, the coils of wire 1702 pass through several magnetic fields generated by the parallel magnets 1701. In embodiments of the invention, the polarity of the stacked magnets 1701 can be switched (e.g., North, South, North, etc.). In further embodiments of the invention, the polarity of the stacked magnets 1701 is not switched. Further embodiments of the invention can also include a combination of stacked magnets 1701 where the polarity is switched and stacked magnets 1701 that are not switched. In at least one embodiment of the invention, utilizing stacked magnets 1701 where the polarity is switched can improve power output.

FIG. 32 shows a non-rotating wind energy generator according to an additional embodiment of the present invention in which there are multiple pairs of magnets that are stacked on top of each other. In this embodiment, there are magnets 2301, coils of wire 2302, a beam 2303, springs 2304, and a frame 2305. In this embodiment, the beam 2303 and the frame 2305 each have four connection points 2307. In this embodiment, there are multiple pairs of magnets 2301 that are stacked on top of each other. As the beam 2303 carrying the coils of wire 2302 travels up and down, the coils of wire 2302 pass through several magnetic fields generated by the parallel magnets 2301.

FIGS. 33-35 further illustrate the use of multiple pairs of magnets that are stacked on top of each other and in which the polarities can be switched according to an aspect of the invention.

FIG. 33 shows magnets according an embodiment of the invention. In these embodiments, there can be multiple pairs of magnets 2401.

FIG. 34 shows magnets and a coil according to an embodiment of the invention. In this embodiment, the coil of wire 2502 attached to a moving bluff body (e.g., beam) can pass through multiple sets of magnets 2501.

FIGS. 35A, 35B, and 35C show magnets and coils according to an embodiment of the invention. In this embodiment, as shown in FIG. 35A, the coils of wire 2602 attached to a moving bluff body (e.g., beam) 2603 can pass through multiple sets of magnets 2601. FIG. 35B shows a further view where the coils of wire 2602 attached to a moving bluff body (e.g., beam) 2603 can pass through multiple sets of magnets 2601 and where the magnetic polarity of the magnets 2601 are indicated with the notation |Magnet Polarity Orientation| (e.g., “|North|South|” or “|South|North|”). FIG. 35C shows a further view of bluff body 2603 and the coils of wire 2602.

In alternate embodiments of the invention, the coil of wire can be located at the ends of oscillating bluff body (e.g., beam) with their flat face perpendicular to the front face of the beam. The central axis of the coil can be parallel to the central axis of the beam. In at least one such embodiment, lateral motion of the bluff body caused by excessive wind forces acting on the front face of the beam will not cause the beam to come in contact with the magnet holders, guide plate, or any other surface. In an embodiment of the invention, the coils can be mounted on extended “U-shape” mounting brackets to permit them to pass through one or several sets of parallel magnets. The “U-shape” mounting bracket can position the center of mass of the coils of wire in the same plane as the center of mass of the beam. In certain embodiments, this can provide improved stability.

FIG. 24 shows the beam 1501 in an alternate embodiment of the invention in which the coil of wire has a flat face perpendicular to a front face of a beam and the central axis of the coil of wire is parallel to the central axis of the beam. In this embodiment the coil of wire 1502 are attached to each end of the beam 1503. The coil of wire 1502 can be located at the ends of the moving beam with their flat face perpendicular to the front face of the beam 1503. The central axis of the coil of wire 1502 can be parallel to the central axis of the beam 1503. The coil of wire 1502 can be mounted on extended “U-shape” mounting brackets 1504. The coil of wire 1502 can pass through one or more sets of parallel magnets.

FIGS. 29-31 provide further views of alternate embodiments of the invention in which the coil of wire has a flat face perpendicular to a front face of a beam and the central axis of the coil of wire is parallel to the central axis of the beam.

FIG. 29 provides a cross-sectional top-view of a non-rotating wind energy generator according to an alternate embodiment of the invention. In this embodiment, the coil of wire 2002 is attached to each end of the beam 2003. The coils of wire 2002 can be located at the ends of the moving beam with their flat face perpendicular to the front face of the beam 2003. The central axis of the coil of wire 2002 can be parallel to the central axis of the beam 2003. The coils of wire 2002 can be mounted on extended “U-shape” mounting brackets 2004. The coil of wire 2002 can pass through one or more sets of parallel magnets 2005.

FIG. 30 provides a view of a non-rotating wind energy generator according to an alternate embodiment of the invention. In this embodiment, the coil of wire 2102 is attached to each end of the beam 2103. The coils of wire 2102 can be located at the ends of the moving beam with their flat face perpendicular to the front face of the beam 2103. The central axis of the coil of wire 2102 can be parallel to the central axis of the beam 2103. The coil of wire 2102 can be mounted on extended “U-shape” mounting brackets 2104. The coil of wire 2102 can pass through one or more sets of parallel magnets 2105.

FIG. 31 provides a view of a non-rotating wind energy generator according to an alternate embodiment of the invention. In this embodiment, the coils of wire 2202 are attached to each end of the beam 2203. The coil of wire 2202 can be located at the ends of the moving beam with their flat face perpendicular to the front face of the beam 2203. The central axis of the coil of wire 2202 can be parallel to the central axis of the beam 2203. The coil of wire 2202 can be mounted on extended “U-shape” mounting brackets 2204. The coil of wire 2202 can pass through one or more sets of parallel magnets 2205.

In further alternate embodiments, the coils can be extended beyond the front face of the bluff body (e.g., beam). In these further alternate embodiments, the center of mass of the coils is not in the same plane as the center of mass of the beam.

FIG. 27 provides a cross-sectional top-view of a non-rotating wind energy generator according to a further alternate embodiment of the invention in which the coil of wire has a flat face perpendicular to a front face of a beam and the coils extend beyond the front face of the beam. In this embodiment, there is a coil of wire 1802 and a beam 1803. The coil of wire 1802 can pass through one or more sets of parallel magnets 1805.

FIG. 28 provides an additional cross-sectional top-view of a non-rotating wind energy generator according to a further alternate embodiment of the invention in which the coil of wire has a flat face perpendicular to a front face of a beam and the coils extend beyond the front face of the beam. In this embodiment, there is a coil of wire 1902 and a beam 1903. The coil of wire 1902 can pass through one or more sets of parallel magnets 1905.

FIGS. 36-39 depict additional alternate embodiments of the invention in which the magnets and coils of wire can be inset in the frame and the beam. In these embodiments, lateral beam motion perpendicular to the flat face of the beam can avoid causing frictional contact with any surface, or alternatively, can reduce frictional contact with the surface.

FIGS. 36A and 36B provide perspective views of a non-rotating wind energy generator according to an embodiment of the invention. In this embodiment, there are magnets 2701, coils of wire 2702, a beam 2703, springs 2704, and a frame 2705. In this embodiment the coils of wire 2702 are attached to stationary members of the frame 2705. The coils of wire 2702 can be located with their flat face perpendicular to the front face of a beam 2703. In this embodiment, the permanent magnets 2701 are mounted to the beam 2703. In this embodiment, the magnets 2701 are positioned close to the flat face of the coils of wire 2702 such that the magnetic field lines periodically pass through the coils of wire 2702 as the beam 2703 oscillates. In this embodiment, lateral beam motion perpendicular to the flat face of the beam 2703 can avoid causing frictional contact with any surface. Alternatively, in this embodiment, lateral beam motion perpendicular to the flat face of the beam 2703 can reduce frictional contact with a surface.

FIGS. 37A and 37B provide perspective views of a non-rotating wind energy generator according to an embodiment of the invention. In this embodiment, there are magnets 2801, coil of wire 2802, a beam 2803, springs 2804, and a frame 2805. In this embodiment multiple coils of wire 2802 are attached to stationary members of the frame 2806. The coils of wire 2802 can be located with their flat face perpendicular to the front face of the beam. In this embodiment, the permanent magnets 2801 are mounted to beam 2803. The magnet 2801 is positioned close to the flat face of the coils of wire 2802 such that the magnetic field lines periodically pass through each of the coils of wire 2802 as the beam oscillates. In this embodiment, lateral beam motion perpendicular to the flat face of the beam 2803 can avoid causing frictional contact with any surface. Alternatively, in this embodiment, lateral beam motion perpendicular to the flat face of the beam 2803 can reduce frictional contact with a surface.

FIGS. 38A and 38B provide perspective views of a non-rotating wind energy generator according to an embodiment of the invention. In this embodiment, there are magnets 2901, coils of wire 2902, a beam 2903, springs 2904, and a frame 2905. In this embodiment the permanent magnets 2901 are attached to stationary members of the frame 2905. The permanent magnets 2901 can be located with their flat face perpendicular to the front face of the beam 2903. In this embodiment, the coils of wire 2902 are mounted to beam 2903. In this embodiment, the magnet 2901 is positioned close to the flat face of the coil of wire 2902 such that the magnetic field lines periodically pass through the coils of wire 2902 as the beam 2902 oscillates. In this embodiment, lateral beam motion perpendicular to the flat face of the beam 2903 can avoid causing frictional contact with any surface. Alternatively, in this embodiment, lateral beam motion perpendicular to the flat face of the beam 2903 can reduce frictional contact with a surface.

FIGS. 39A and 39B provide perspectives view of a non-rotating wind energy generator according to an embodiment of the invention. In this embodiment, there are magnets 3001, coils of wire 3002, a beam 3003, springs 3004, and a frame 3005. In this embodiment multiple permanent magnets 3001 are attached to stationary members of the frame 3005. The permanent magnets 3001 can be located with their flat face perpendicular to the front face of the beam 3003. In this embodiment, the coils of wire 3002 are mounted to beam 3003. The magnets 3001 are positioned close to the flat face of the coil of wire 3002 such that the magnetic field lines periodically pass through the coils of wire 3002 as the beam 3003 oscillates. In one embodiment the stacked magnets have the same relative polarity (e.g., N-N-N or S-S-S). In another embodiment the stacked magnets have reversing relative polarities (e.g., N-S-N or S-N-S). In this embodiment, lateral beam motion perpendicular to the flat face of the beam 3003 can avoid causing frictional contact with any surface. Alternatively, in this embodiment, lateral beam motion perpendicular to the flat face of the beam 3003 can reduce frictional contact with a surface.

In a further aspect of the invention, electricity is transmitted from a generation source located onboard a moving bluff body (e.g., a beam) to a terminal statically located elsewhere on a non-rotating wind energy generator (NRWEG). In certain embodiments of the invention, the embodiment may advantageously permit the transmission of electricity from the generation source located on a moving bluff body (e.g., a beam) to a static terminal location without the need for additional wire leads or points of contact. In certain embodiments of the invention, the springs used to suspend the bluff body (e.g., a beam) may advantageously act as wire leads that conduct electricity from the electromagnetic coils that are mounted onboard the moving bluff body (e.g., beam).

By using springs as leads for electricity transmission, the need for additional wires or points of contact can be reduced or eliminated. This can reduce the drag force on a beam due to mechanical friction from rubbing contact or periodic flexing of separate wire leads. The use of spring wire leads can also be more cost effective, reliable, and less susceptible to failure.

Aspects of the invention related to electricity transmission have significant economic potential when paired with aspects of the invention related to non-rotating wind energy generator systems. For most or all commercial applications of embodiments of non-rotating wind energy generator systems, aspects of the invention related to electricity transmission could be used for efficient operation/power generation.

In an embodiment of the non-rotating wind energy generator (NRWEG) apparatus, electromagnetic coils are mounted to a bluff body (e.g., a beam) that is suspended by springs. In this embodiment, during operation, airflow passes over the bluff body and causes it to oscillate rapidly. As the bluff body oscillates in this embodiment, the electromagnetic coils pass through magnetic fields formed by permanent magnets statically mounted to the NRWEG frame. When this occurs, electricity can be generated in the electromagnetic coils. To effectively use this electricity, it can be transmitted from the electromagnetic coils to a statically mounted terminal location. An effective method for electricity transmission can include using the springs as electrical leads. To do this, each of the two wire leads from the electromagnetic coil can be connected (e.g., via solder, clip, screw, etc.) to one of the springs that is used to suspend the bluff body. The other end of the spring can be mounted to some portion (e.g., the top and bottom horizontal members) of an NRWEG frame. A separate wire lead can be connected to each of the springs (at the location of contact between the spring and frame) to continue the transmission of electricity from the springs to the preferred point of use (e.g., terminal box, power conditioning circuitry, etc.).

FIGS. 40A, 40B, and 40C show electricity transmission according to an embodiment of the invention where a method for electricity transmission can include using each of the two wire leads from each of the electromagnetic coils connected to a spring for electricity transmission, and further using separate wire leads connected to each of the springs at the location of contact between the springs and the frame to continue the transmission of electricity from the springs to a preferred point of use. In this embodiment, there are magnets 3101, electromagnetic coils 3102, a beam 3103, springs 3104, and a frame 3105. In this embodiment, electromagnetic coils 3102 are mounted to beam 3103 that is suspended by springs 3104. In this embodiment, the beam 3103 and the frame 3105 each have four connection points 3107. In this embodiment, there are multiple pairs of magnets 3101 that are stacked on top of each other. As the beam 3103 carrying the coil 3102 travels up and down, the coil 3102 pass through several magnetic fields generated by the parallel magnets 3101. In embodiments of the invention, the polarity of the stacked magnets 3101 can be switched (e.g., North, South, North, etc.). In further embodiments of the invention, the polarity of the stacked magnets 3101 is not switched. Further embodiments of the invention can also include a combination of stacked magnets 3101 where the polarity is switched and stacked magnets 3101 that are not switched. In at least one embodiment of the invention, utilizing stacked magnets 3101 where the polarity is switched can improve power output. In FIG. 40A, the magnets 3101 are depicted as opaque, whereas in FIG. 40B, the magnets 3101 are depicted transparently so that the coil 3102 can be seen. In this embodiment, during operation, airflow can pass over beam 3103 and causes it to oscillate rapidly. As the beam 3103 oscillates in this embodiment, the electromagnetic coils 3102 pass through magnetic fields formed by magnets 3101 statically mounted to the frame 3105. When this occurs, electricity can be generated in the electromagnetic coils 3102. To effectively use this electricity, it can be transmitted from the electromagnetic coils 3102 to a statically mounted terminal location (not shown), along electricity transmission paths 3108, as illustrated in FIG. 31C. In FIG. 40C, the positive and negative terminals of the terminal location (not shown) are represented with “+” and “−,” respectively. A method for electricity transmission according to this embodiment can include using the springs 3104 as electrical leads. To do this, each of the two wire leads from each of the electromagnetic coils 3102 can be connected (e.g., via solder, clip, screw, etc.) to one of a spring 3104 that is used to suspend the beam 3103. The other end of the spring 3104 can be mounted to some portion (e.g., the top and bottom horizontal members) of the frame 3105. A separate wire lead can be connected to each of the springs 3104 at the location of contact between the spring 3104 and frame 3105 to continue the transmission of electricity from the springs 3104 to the preferred point of use (e.g., terminal box, power conditioning circuitry, etc.). 

1. A control system for a non-rotating wind energy generator, comprising: a sensor that senses at least one of: an amplitude of oscillation of a bluff body of the non-rotating wind energy generator, a power output of a linear alternator system of the non-rotating wind energy generator, a voltage output of the linear alternator system of the non-rotating wind energy generator, and a current output of the linear alternator system of the non-rotating wind energy generator; and a damper that applies a damping force to the bluff body based in part on at least one of the amplitude, the voltage output, the current output, and the power output.
 2. The control system of claim 1, wherein the damper increases the damping force based at least in part on a first sensor input.
 3. The control system of claim 2, wherein the damper decreases the damping force based at least in part on a second sensor input.
 4. The control system of claim 1, wherein: the damper increases the damping force when the amplitude is above a first threshold; and the damper decreases the damping force when the amplitude is below a second threshold.
 5. The control system of claim 1, wherein: the damper applies a maximum damping force when the amplitude is above a maximum threshold until the amplitude is below a minimum threshold.
 6. The control system of claim 1, wherein the damper waits a predetermined time before changing the damping force.
 7. The control system of claim 1, wherein applying the damping force comprises applying a load to the linear alternator system.
 8. The control system of claim 1, comprising a controller that receives an input from the sensor and sends a control instruction to the damper, wherein the damping force is based in part on the control instruction.
 9. The control system of claim 1, comprising: a battery charge controller that controls charging of a battery, wherein the sensor determines a charge level of the battery.
 10. The control system of claim 1, wherein the damper comprises at least one of a variable resistor and a transistor that applies a variable resistance to the linear alternator system of the non-rotating wind energy generator to control the damping force.
 11. The control system of claim 1, wherein the damper comprises a transistor and a variable resistor that each apply a variable resistance to the linear alternator system of the non-rotating wind energy generator to control the damping force.
 12. The control system of claim 1, wherein the damper controls the damping force based in part on a pulse-width modulation signal.
 13. The control system of claim 1, wherein the sensor comprises at least one optical sensor.
 14. The control system of claim 1, wherein the sensor comprises: a first at least one sensor that determines whether the amplitude is above a first threshold; and a second at least one sensor that determines whether the amplitude is above a second threshold.
 15. A method of controlling a non-rotating wind energy generator, the method comprising: determining at least one of: an amplitude of oscillation of a bluff body of the non-rotating wind energy generator, a power output of a linear alternator system of the non-rotating wind energy generator, a voltage output of the linear alternator system of the non-rotating wind energy generator, and a current output of the linear alternator system of the non-rotating wind energy generator; and applying a damping force to the bluff body based in part on at least one of the amplitude, the voltage output, the current output, and the power output.
 16. The method of claim 15, comprising increasing the damping force based at least in part on a first sensor measurement.
 17. The control system of claim 16, comprising decreasing the damping force based at least in part on a second sensor measurement.
 18. The method of claim 15, comprising at least one of: increasing a damping force when an amplitude of oscillation of a bluff body of the non-rotating wind energy generator is above a first threshold; and decreasing a damping force when the amplitude is below a second threshold.
 19. The method of claim 15, comprising waiting a predetermined time before changing the damping force.
 20. The method of claim 15, comprising: charging a battery using the non-rotating wind energy generator; controlling a charging rate of the battery; and determining a charge level of the battery.
 21. The method of claim 15, comprising controlling the damping force based in part on varying a resistance of a variable resistor.
 22. The method of claim 15, comprising controlling the damping force based in part on a pulse-width modulation signal.
 23. A non-rotating wind energy generating apparatus, comprising: a flat spring bluff body assembly operable to initiate and sustain oscillatory motion in response to wind energy, wherein the flat spring bluff body assembly comprises one or more pairs of parallel flat springs; and a linear alternator system operable to generate electrical energy via the motion of the suspended bluff body.
 24. The non-rotating wind energy generating apparatus of claim 23, wherein the flat spring bluff body assembly comprises: a frame movably supporting at least one beam; wherein the one or more flat springs attach the beam to the frame; wherein the linear alternator system comprises: at least one electromagnetic coil attached to one of the beam or the frame; at least one magnet attached to one of the frame or the beam; and wherein motion of the beam when exposed to wind causes the at least one electromagnetic coil to pass the at least one magnet.
 25. The non-rotating wind energy generating apparatus of claim 23, comprising: one or more additional beams; one or more additional flat springs; wherein the one or more additional flat springs attach the one or more additional beams to the frame.
 26. A non-rotating wind energy generating apparatus, comprising: a suspended bluff body operable to initiate and sustain oscillatory motion in response to wind energy, wherein the suspended bluff body has at least one of the following cross-sectional profiles: an ellipse with a depth to height ratio between 8/16 and 14/16; a rectangle with a depth to height ratio greater than 0 and less than 1; a multiple D-shape with a first beam oriented in an opposing direction to a second beam, wherein the depth to height ratio of each beam is between 1/4 and 3/4; a multiple D-shape with a first beam oriented in a same direction as a second beam, wherein the depth to height ratio of each beam is between 1/4 and 3/4; a biconvex shape with a depth to height ratio between 8/16 and 14/16; a diamond shape with a depth to height ratio between 4/10 and 7/10; and a rounded rectangle with a depth to height ratio greater than 1/2 and less than 1; and a linear alternator system operable to generate electrical energy via the motion of the suspended bluff body.
 27. The non-rotating wind energy generating apparatus of claim 26, wherein the suspended bluff body comprises: a frame movably supporting at least one beam; one or more first springs; one or more second springs; wherein the one or more first springs attach a first portion of the frame to a first portion of the beam and the one or more second springs attach a second portion of the frame to a second portion of the beam such that the beam is suspended between the first and second portions of the frame; and wherein the linear alternator system comprises: at least one electromagnetic coil attached to one of the beam or a third portion of the frame; at least one magnet attached to one of the third portion of the frame or the beam; wherein motion of the beam when exposed to wind causes the first electromagnetic coil to pass at least one magnet.
 28. The non-rotating wind energy generating apparatus of claim 26, further comprising a voltage multiplier circuit that generates a DC voltage from an AC voltage output by the linear alternator system, wherein the DC voltage is higher than the AC voltage. 